The Russia-Ukraine conflict has tested the capabilities of crypto in a real-world conflict where sanctions and inventive blockchain crowdfunding models abound.
The war, which is drawing into its ninth month, has uncovered a raft of blockchain benefits, such as the capacity to support humanitarian endeavors. It has also revealed how much control national authorities can exert over crypto networks.
Vadym Synegin, co-founder at IT and crypto solutions provider Tecor, told Cointelegraph that cryptocurrencies have a unique advantage in situations where there is an increased risk of money transfer interruptions due to the centralization of conventional systems.
“With most markets controlled by centralized authority figures that can easily buckle under the political tensions, the crypto markets remain more or less decentralized, meaning that their operational efficiencies during periods of crisis are further enhanced,” he said.
So, what other aspects has the Russia-Ukraine conflict revealed about crypto?
Crypto donations for humanitarian aid
The Russia-Ukraine conflict has shown that cryptocurrencies can be used for fundraising in military conflicts. Notably, the Ukrainian government began accepting crypto donations at the beginning of the year in a bid to enhance donor inclusivity, and this led to the creation of the Crypto Fund of Ukraine.
The nation’s Ministry of Digital Transformation is currently in charge of the fund, which was set up in conjunction with Kuna, FTX and Everstake to buttress Ukraine’s humanitarian aid and military programs. The project has enabled the Ukrainian government to raise over $100 million in cryptocurrency donations so far.
That said, some pro-Ukraine crypto fundraising groups have turned to novel crypto instruments such as decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) to raise funds for the nation.
The UkraineDAO, which is among the most prominent of the lot, was created in February for the sole purpose of providing monetary support to Ukrainian soldiers. The project’s co-founders include Russian critic Nadya Tolokonnikova, who is also a founding member of the Pussy Riot feminist protest group. Other UkraineDAO founding members include PleasrDAO and Trippy Labs, a generative NFT studio. The project has raised over $8 million so far.
Among the most notable successes of the UkraineDAO was the recent sale of a nonfungible token (NFT) of the Ukrainian flag that fetched just over $6 million in Ether (ETH). It is currently ranked among the top 20 most expensive NFTs of all time.
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Cointelegraph had the chance to speak with Kayla Kroot, the co-founder of the Koii Network, regarding the current use of crypto in the Ukraine situation. Her company is involved in the development of novel blockchain models, including Web3.
According to the executive, cryptocurrencies have enabled citizens caught up in the war to maintain access to their money during these trying times:
“Cryptocurrency was developed to help global citizens maintain control of their money.”
Kroot also noted the increased use of digital coins by humanitarian groups operating in the nation. “Organizations such as World Central Kitchen performed crowdfunding campaigns. In WCK’s case, this involved accepting donations in ETH. These funds were dispersed with fewer restrictions and oversight, allowing money to more easily get to the hands of those who needed it most,” she added.
Scammers take advantage of well-wishers
While crypto donations have been helpful in furthering the Ukrainian cause, some malicious entities have blighted noble efforts by well-wishers.
Some scammer syndicates have attempted to beguile donors by pretending to be representatives of authorized crypto exchanges involved in Ukraine fundraising efforts. Cybersecurity experts estimate that millions of deceptive emails employing the tactic have been sent out so far.
Some of the emails contain messages of distress from cybercriminals purporting to be Ukrainians in dire need of financial aid.
The influx of such messages subverts the cause of helping Ukrainians by making it harder for the real victims to get the help they need.
There have also been reports of scam messages being spread on social media platforms. At this juncture, it is important to note that well-wishers should only donate their crypto via official Ukrainian government channels in order to avoid possible scams.
Besides fraudulent posts appearing on social media, scam messages soliciting crypto are also popping up on the dark web.
The dark web is an overlay internet network made up of unindexed websites that are invisible to standard browsers and search engines and can only be accessed using special browsers.
The dark web is intentionally hidden from regular users for a good reason. It harbors all manner of illegal activity that includes black markets for illegal drugs and guns. Blackhats also use the dark web to sell stolen personal credentials.
As such, there is little surprise that scammers are spreading fake messages on the dark web to cheat Ukraine supporters out of funds. Many of the messages have been found to contain links to phishing sites that are designed to steal crypto.
According to a McAfee investigation into the schemes, some of the websites utilize fake chatboxes to simulate user activity, while others make use of mock-up donation verifiers to look more authentic.
Early on in the Russia-Ukraine war, a more sophisticated group of fraudsters attempted to carry out a scam fundraising effort using the Peaceful World (WORLD) token. This is after the Ukrainian government announced an airdrop and then subsequently canceled it.
The scammers launched the fake airdrop hours before the government scrapped the move in favor of NFTs. Industry experts and security analysts were quick to point out discrepancies in the fake giveaway, thereby forestalling the scheme.
Governments can limit crypto
Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonymous creator of Bitcoin (BTC), developed the first cryptocurrency in order to devolve the control of money away from governments and centralized financial institutions.
However, the Russia-Ukraine conflict has demonstrated that it’s possible for regional blocs and major jurisdictions to impose bans and exert control over cryptocurrencies.
In October, the European Commission announced sweeping sanctions targeting Russian crypto custodial wallets under the control of European enterprises and exchanges. EU blockchain companies were additionally prohibited from providing crypto custodial services to Russian entities.
The new laws were enacted in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in order to prevent Russia from evading sanctions.
Previous restrictions placed a trade and deposit limit of up to 10,000 euros on Russian crypto wallets and accounts.
Recent EU crypto enactments have forced some major exchanges, such as Binance and Coinbase, which have operations in Europe, to restrict services to Russian individuals and companies to avoid a regulatory clash.
Other regulated crypto exchanges such as Kraken, Crypto.com and Blockchain.com have also ceased providing crypto services to Russian citizens as a result.
Meanwhile, Russian authorities seem unsure of how to handle the flurry of crypto wallet prohibitions and the occlusion of major Russian banks from the SWIFT money transfer system. The ban on these systems has effectively locked out the nation from major international financial markets.
In July, the Kremlin passed a law that banned the use of cryptocurrencies for making payments. However, the Russian government recently changed its tone. In September, the Russian central bank and the Ministry of Finance agreed to allow the use of cryptocurrencies for cross-border payments.
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The move was designed to promote the use of local crypto exchanges amid rising geopolitical tensions that left many Russians with limited options.
The Russia–Ukraine conflict has showcased the use of crypto in community effort settings for the common good. While the Ukrainian government has raised millions of dollars from direct crypto donations, some digital currency fundraising efforts have been undermined by scammers out to make a profit from the war.
More crypto advantages and limitations are likely to crop up as use cases emerge in more diverse environments.
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